Các bạn tại California khi lấy vợ lấy chồng không những cho cả tâm hồn và thể xác cho người bạn đời, mà còn cho nhiều hơn thế nữa. Thật vậy, ngay sau khi ký giấy sống trọn đời, các bạn đã chia cho người bạn đời của mình một nửa tiền kiếm được, từ lương hàng tháng cho đến bonus, stock option, 401K/IRA, tiền hưu trí… Ðó là vì các bạn sống trong một tiểu bang theo luật gia sản chung. Chắc các bạn cũng bắt đầu tò mò muốn biết luật gia sản chung quyết định cuộc đời kinh tế của các bạn như thế nào phải không? Luật Gia Sản chung khá phức tạp nhưng bài này sẽ cho các bạn một khái niệm sơ qua thế nào là gia sản chung, thế nào là gia sản riêng và hậu quả khi chẳng may cơm không lành canh không ngọt hoặc không được ở với nhau cho đến khi răng long tóc bạc.

I. Thế nào là Gia Sản Chung và thế nào là Gia Sản Riêng?

Gia sản chung là tất cả gia sản do hai vợ chồng mua sắm, kiến tạo được trong lúc là vợ chồng, bằng tiền mồ hôi nước mắt tạo ra. Ví dụ như hai vợ chồng lấy nhau, đi làm để dành tiền, và đặt xuống mua nhà, mỗi tháng lấy tiền nong trả nhà băng, thì căn nhà đó là thuộc gia sản chung. Khi đã là gia sản chung thì một nửa của vợ và một nửa của chồng. Tiền lương của hai vợ chồng cũng vậy, dù là để chung hay để riêng, vẫn là gia sản chung và một nửa thuộc người vợ và một nửa thuộc người chồng. Nếu người vợ hay người chồng cho đi mà không có sự thoả thuận của người hôn phối, thì người này có quyền đòi lại một nửa số tiền đó.Gia sản riêng là tất cả gia sản có được trước khi lập gia đình, tiền kiếm được sau khi đã ly thân hay ly dị, quà tặng hay gia tài của gia đình để lại cũng như tiền kiếm được từ gia sản riêng. Chẳng hạn trước khi lấy nhau người chồng đã có căn nhà riêng. Căn nhà riêng đó là tài sản riêng của người chồng, người vợ không được chia một nửa. Nếu căn nhà đó cho thuê, số tiền thuê cũng là gia sản riêng của người chồng. Tuy nhiên nếu người chồng dùng tiền lương của mình sau khi lấy vợ để trả tiền nhà băng thì người vợ sẽ có một phần nào đó trong căn nhà vì tiền lương của người chồng là gia sản chung và một nửa của người vợ. Sau này nếu bán căn nhà đó, người vợ sẽ có một phần trong căn nhà đó. Nếu người chồng trả tiền bằng gia sản riêng thì căn nhà đó hoàn toàn của người chồng. Ngoài ra, gia sản kiến tạo được ở một tiểu bang khác nhưng hội đủ điều kiện của gia sản chung nếu hai vợ chồng sống tại California được là quasi-community property, giống như là gia sản chung.

II. Khi nào gia sản riêng trở thành gia sản chung và ngược lại?

Có nhiều cách làm cho gia sản riêng trở thành gia sản chung và ngược lại, chẳng hạn như:

  1. Ký giấy thoả thuận:Muốn đổi tính cách riêng tư của gia sản, không thể thoả thuận trên lời nói mà phải làm giấy tờ và ký tên đàng hoàng. Chẳng hạn hai bên có thể đồng ý là tất cả gia sản của hai vợ chồng là gia sản chung hoặc có thể đồng ý là một gia sản nào đó hoặc số tiền nào đó là gia sản riêng của người hôn phối của mình. Có thể tha hồ đổi tính cách riêng tư của tất cả gia sản với điều kiện là phải có giấy tờ và chữ ký, không thể nói miệng được.
  2. Tặng quà:Người vợ có thể biếu cho người chồng mình một căn nhà thuộc gia sản riêng của mình bằng cách làm giấy tờ sang tên cho người chồng thành gia sản riêng của người chồng hoặc đổi tên trên văn tự thành tên của cả hai vợ chồng. Khi người chồng tặng vợ mình một món nữ trang đắt giá làm quà sinh nhật, món nữ trang này có thể được xem là gia sản riêng của người vợ.
  3. Trộn lẫn gia sản:Khi hai vợ chồng sống với nhau và để chung gia sản riêng và gia sản chung lẫn loạn không còn phân biệt được nữa, gia sản có thể trở thành gia sản chung ngoại trừ trường hợp có thể truy tìm được ngọn gốc.

III. Thoả thuận trước khi ký giấy hôn thú:Ðể tránh hậu quả của luật gia sản chung tại California, nhiều người làm khế ước thoả thuận với nhau trước khi làm hôn phối. Chẳng hạn như nữ tài tử Elizabeth Taylor khi lấy người chồng sau cùng đã ký khế ước là nếu ly dị, người chồng này chỉ được hưởng một số tiền nào đó thôi chứ không được chia tiền mà nữ tài tử này kiếm được khi sống chung vợ chồng.

IV. Chia gia sản lúc ly dị:

Khi ly dị, sau khi thanh toán hết nợ nần, gia sản chung được chia đồng đều cho hai vợ chồng. Trường hợp một trong hai người dấu diếm tài sản nhưng lại không chứng minh được đã sử dụng để làm việc gì thì gia sản có thể sẽ không chia đồng đều để tránh có lợi cho người gian dối. Nếu vì sự gian lận này người hôn phối không được chia đúng một nửa của mình thì người gian lận sẽ phải đền bù người hôn phối của mình cho công bằng.

V. Chia gia tài:

A. Người qua đời không để lại di chúc (living trust):

1. Gia sản chung và gia sản giống như gia sản chung. Khi người qua đời không có di chúc/living trust, tất cả gia sản chung và gia sản gần như gia sản chung (quasi-community property) được truyền lại 100% cho người hôn phối.

2. Gia sản riêng của người qua đời được phát cho người hôn phối như sau:

a. 100% cho người hôn phối nếu người qua đời không còn con cái, cha mẹ, anh em hoặc con của các anh em đã qua đời.

b. 50% cho người hôn phối nếu người qua đời chỉ có một đứa con còn sống hoặc đã chết nhưng có con còn sống, còn cha mẹ hoặc anh em.

c. Một phần ba (1/3) cho người hôn phối nếu người qua đời có nhiều hơn một đứa con còn sống hoặc một con còn sống và một hoặc nhiều đứa con đã qua đời nhưng để lại con còn sống

 

B. Người qua đời có để lại di chúc/living trust:

Người có vợ hoặc chồng có thể làm giấy tờ truyền lại phân nửa (1/2) gia sản chung cho người khác, ngoài người hôn phối. Chẳng hạn nếu người chồng có con riêng tư, sợ rằng chết đi, con mình sẽ không được gì vì tất cả gia sản chung sẽ thuộc về phần người vợ của mình, có thể làm giấy tờ để chia một phần cho con. Về phần gia sản riêng người qua đời muốn để lại cho ai tuỳ ý nếu không sẽ được phát như trường hợp không có di chúc/living trust như trên.

Bài nầy chỉ là một phần nhỏ và một khái niệm tổng quát của luật gia sản chung tại tiểu bang California. Muốn biết nhiều hơn hoặc cần biết trường hợp riêng tư của mình, các bạn cần tham khảo với luật sư riêng của mình. Mong rằng một chút khái niệm cũng sẽ giúp các bạn tổ chức và thu xếp cuộc đời của mình tốt đẹp hơn và như ý mong muốn.


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  63. The park anchors a large tourism trade primarily based primarily in close by Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge, which consists of such attractions as Dollywood, essentially the most visited ticketed attraction in Tennessee, Ober Gatlinburg, and Ripley’s Aquarium of the Smokies.

  64. Arthur Winterbotham, the Liberal who had won the constituency by seven-hundred votes at its first election, in 1885, was re-elected unopposed when he turned a Liberal Unionist in 1886, but when he switched back to the Liberals at the subsequent common election his majority fell to 153.

  65. Such scrutiny usually results in an overall high caliber of owner — co-op shareholders are likely to be financially responsible individuals who adhere to the organization’s rules and genuinely care about the best interests of the property and corporation.

  66. I really assume if he can handle to constantly bring Nepo A to the board, he might be very bold about taking part in in one other world championship match and giving Magnus a greater combat sometime.

  67. More questions will undoubtedly arise as you pursue your dream of island ownership, but these guidelines should help you understand the basics of how to buy your own private island.

  68. Highly competitive market conditions would determine simultaneous technological updates of all economic agents (as a result, cycle formation): in case if a manufacturing technology at an enterprise does not meet the current technological environment – such company loses its competitiveness and eventually goes bankrupt.

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